Module 3

Was/were + main verb + ing
use: We use the past progressive to talk about actions in progress at a certain time in the past.

Affirmative                               Negative:

i was running                          i wasnt running
you were running                  you werent running
he/she/it was running            he/she/it wasnt running
we/you/they were running    we/you/they werent running

Past progressive

actions in progress at stated time in the past
He was driving to work at 9 o clock yesterday afternoon
actions that were happening simultaneouly in the past.
Bob was walking while ben was running to catch the bus

past action in progress interrupted by another action. the action that interrupted by another action. the action that interrupted the action in progress is in the simple past.

Jenny was having a shower when the phone rang

Adverbs describe verbs. we usually add -ly or -ily to the describe
loud-loudly , angry-angrily , beatiful - beatifully: She speaks loudly

irregular adverbs: good-well , hard - hard , fast - fast

adverbs of manner: tell us how something happens. He works hard at his job

while/when
He was walking to work when it started raining
While he was walking to work , it started raining

Module 2

Used to:

Use to + verb to talk abou habits and to discuss past and past states.

Example:

Habit: i used to play the guitar

status: i used to live in london

it use the same form for all

For questions: 

Did + use to + verb

Example:

Did you use to smoke?

What did you use to?


simple past - simple present

we use the simple past for actions which happened at time in the past. the time is stated or implied. they left for america in 1918

we use the simple present for repeat actions, permanent states and habits in the present. they go to school every weekday.


Used to / simple past

we used to / simple past for habits and routines. He used to play / played football when he was young

we use the simple past to talk about an action which happened at a specific time in the past. we can't use
used to. They arrived in america in the 18 th century 


Too - Enough

too + adjetives / adverb + to- infinite (negative meaning = more / less than what is needed) The oven is too expensive.)

adjetive / adverb + enough + to-infinitive / noun + enough (positive meaning ; as much as wanted / needed) This mixer is easy enough to use (it's very easy to use . i can use easily) we have enough money to buy this iron (we can afford to buy it.)


Some - Any - A lot of - Much - Many

countable nouns are nouns we can count                         uncontable nouns are nouns


an / one apple - two apples                                      i drink a lot of milk

i eat a lot of berries                                                How much milk do you drink?

How many berries do you eat?                             too much (more tha needed)

too many (more than needed)                                a lot of / lots

a lot of / some / not many / very few / not any        some/ a little / not much / very little / not any



possessive case 

singular nouns + 's ann's dad
plural noun + the children's granparents

irregular plurals + 's the men's car

we add 's to the last noun of a phrase to show common possession. Ann and bob's mom but ann's and bob's bikes



ed and ing 

we use ing adjetives to describe what sth is rugby is thrilling (what is rugby?) we use ed adjetives to describe how we feel we were thrilled with the game. ( How did we feel?)

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Module 1

Conditional type 0

If/when + simple present

if/when you heat water it boils

Use: to express a general truth or scientic fact. in this type of conditional, we can use when instead of if.
When the if-clause precedes the main clause, we use a comma to separate the two clauses. For example:

If you heat water, it boils   Water boils if you heat it

simple present

We use the simple present for:

* facts: the sun rises in the east. it doesn't rise in the west

*habits/routines: astronauts usually sleep 8 hours a day after a 16 hour work day. they take spoange baths

*timetables: the space museum opens at 9 pm every weekday

spelling rules 

* most verbs: + - s / sleep - he sleeps

*verbs in ass: - ss , sh , ch , x , o + es

*consonant: + y + ies / study - he studies

*vowel: + y + - s / play - he plays

Conditional type 1

if + simple present -----> will + base form of main verb.
if we keep cutting down trees, animals will lose their habitat.

Use: to talk about a possible situation in the present or future.
Animals will lose their habitat if we keep cutting down trees.


Will

We use will for:
on the spot decisions: i'm tired. i'll take a nap
predictions based on what we know:
you'll lose weight with this workout
promises, offers, threats , hopes
i promise you'll feel better right away


Simple present - present progresive

*for habits/routines: He works in a zoo. He gets up at 6 and feeds the animals 
*for timetables: the zoo opens at 9 pm
*for permanent states y facts: James has blue eyes. cows eat grass

Time expressions: every day , on tuesdays, often , etc

present progresive
*for actions happening now/around the time of speaking: tina is feeding the animals now. she is working hard these days
*tempory situations: tina is working in a zoo for the summer
time expressions: now, at the moment, at the present , etc

The imperative
we use the imperative to give advice , instructions or direct orders
to sound more polite , we can use please
we use don't + base form of the verb to make a negative imperative

we can use the imperative in the main clause in conditional type 1 to give advice or instruction.......